SARS-CoV-2;

How should I generally go about treating my non-ICU hospitalized patient with newly diagnosed Covid-19 and who doesn’t require more than conventional O2?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Leave a comment

Much of the management of Covid-19 hospitalized patients who don’t require ICU care and need no more than conventional 02 (ie, high-flow or mechanical/non-mechanical ventilatory support) depends on the severity of their disease: “mild/moderate” (eg, SpO2≥94% on room air) vs “severe” (eg, Sp02<94% on room air) disease; respiration rate ≥30/min and lung infiltrates on chest radiograph>50% may also be considered, but I personally find these parameters less reliable.  Generally, patients hospitalized with Covid-19-related symptoms (respiratory or otherwise) require specific treatment to keep them from progressing or succumbing to their disease (see Figure below). 1-5

In patients with mild/moderate Covid-19, the first step is to determine whether they are at low risk (ie, NO risk factors) or high risk (ie, ≥1 risk factors) of progression to severe disease.  Recall that there are numerous risk factors for progression, including age (eg, ≥50 y) and many comorbidities, such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, smoking (current or former), disability (eg, wheelchair dependence), and mental health disorders (eg, depression), just to name a few.1 If your patient with mild/moderate Covid-19 has ANY Covid-related symptoms and ANY risk factors for progression, you should strongly consider IV remdesivir. If your patient’s admission has nothing to do with Covid-19 but qualify for anti-Covid treatment, an oral anti-viral regimen (eg, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir [Paxlovid]) used for ambulatory patients may also be considered (see related pearl on P4P). If your patient has NO risk factors for progression to severe disease, symptomatic treatment is all that’s needed.

If your patient has severe disease but no need for 02 supplementation, IV remdesivir and prophylactic heparin (either fractionated [eg, enoxaparin] or unfractionated) should be considered; no need for dexamethasone or systemic steroids in this situation.

If your patient has severe Covid-19 and needs supplemental 02, you should consider initiation of remdesivir, dexamethasone and, at the minimum, prophylactic anticoagulation with either a fractionated or unfractionated heparin product as soon as possible.  Use of therapeutic anticoagulation in this setting (ie, outside of ICU) is controversial with NIH guidelines recommending therapeutic heparin for those with elevated D-dimer without increased bleeding risk (CIIa, “weak” with moderate supportive evidence).2,6,7  You may also be able to forgo systemic steroids in your patient with minimal 02 requirement (ie, 1-2 L) per NIH, particularly if immunocompromised, as hypoxia in such patients may be more related to viral infection itself and not significant inflammatory reaction.

If your patient with severe Covid-19 gets progressively worse requiring high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation outside of ICU, you should consider adding baricitinib as a first line immunomodulator (tocilizumab or others in NIH guidelines as an alternative)2 in patients who are not already immunocompromised or do not already have and are not at high risk of secondary infections.

The duration of remdesivir treatment in hospitalized patients is usually 5 days (or until discharge) for severe Covid-19, and 3 days for those with mild/moderate disease. The ultimate duration should be individualized in patients at risk of ongoing viral replication.  One retrospective study in immunocompromised patients hospitalized for Covid-19 found remdesivir to be effective in reducing hospitalization and mortality when initiated within 2 days of hospitalization and given for a median of 5 days, even among those not requiring 02 supplementation or requiring only low flow 02.

Couple more things to keep in mind when managing severe Covid-19. When indicated, remdesivir should be given ideally as early as possible and no later than 10 days after onset of symptoms and dexamethasone should be given for up to 10 days or until discharge.  Anticoagulation, prophylactic or therapeutic, should only be prescribed in the absence of any contraindications for bleeding (see Figure footnote) and continued until discharge for no more than 14 days total.

As with all drugs, please make sure you are thoroughly familiar with the dosing, adverse effects and contraindications to above-referenced medications before prescribing them.

Figure. Management of SARS-CoV-2 positive hospitalized patients requiring no or only conventional 02 due to Covid-19

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References

  1. CDC. Interim Clinical Considerations for COVID-19 Treatment in Outpatients | CDC. Accessed Feb 1, 2024
  2. NIH. Clinical Spectrum | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (nih.gov). Accessed Feb 1, 2024
  3. Uptodate. Coived-19 management in hospitalized patients. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-management-in-hospitalized-adults. Accessed Feb 5, 2024.
  4. Bash K, Sacha G, Latifi M. Covid-19: A management update. Clev Clin J Med 2023;90:677-683. https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/11/677
  5. Mozaffari E, Chandak A, Gottlieb RL, et al. Remdesivir reduced mortality in immunocompromised patients hospitalized for Covid-19 across variant waves: Findings from routine clinical practice. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77;1626-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37556727/
  6. Merz LE, Fogerty AE. The conundrum of anticoagulation for hospitalized patient with Covid-19. NEJM Evidence 2023;2 (2).  https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/EVIDe2200329
  7. ATTACC, CTIV-4a, REMAP-CAP Investigators. Therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin in noncritically patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:790-802. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34351721/

Disclosures/Disclaimers: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

How should I generally go about treating my non-ICU hospitalized patient with newly diagnosed Covid-19 and who doesn’t require more than conventional O2?

When should I consider treating my adult ambulatory patient with newly diagnosed Covid-19 with an antiviral drug?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1 Comment

You should seriously consider prescribing an antiviral agent either oral nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid) (within 5 days of onset of symptoms) or IV remdesivir (within 7 days of onset of symptoms) in all your ambulatory patients with mild/moderate Covid-19 at high risk of progression (ie, ≥1 risk factors) to severe disease (Figure). 1-3 Both of these drugs reduce hospitalization and mortality from Covid-19 by over 85%!1 Oral molnupiravir may be prescribed as a second-line agent (within 5 days of onset of symptoms), if neither Paxlovid or remdesivir is an option and the patient is not pregnant. There is no indication for the use of  dexamethasone or systemic steroids in the treatment of Covid-19 in ambulatory settings. As with all drugs, you should be familiar with adverse-effects and contraindications of these anti-viral agents before prescribing them. 

Couple of questions to ask when managing a patient with newly diagnosed Covid-19 in ambulatory setting:

  1. Does your patient truly have mild/moderate disease (eg, Sp02 on room air ≥94% on room air and not tachypneic) or severe disease (eg, Sp02 on room air <94%)?4 If severe disease is likely, you should refer your patient to a hospital for evaluation and treatment as soon as possible. If your patient is not symptomatic from Covid-19, no antiviral treatment is indicated. 
  2. Once you decide your patient has mild/moderate disease and doesn’t need to go to hospital, ask whether your patient has any risk factor associated with progression to severe Covid-19.2 Recall that there are numerous risk factors, including age over 50 and many physical disabilities, smoking (current or former) and mental health disorders, such as depression, ADHD, autism and depression that may be present even in the younger population.2
    • In the absence of any risk factor for progression, no antiviral therapy is indicated.

In the presence of 1 or more risk factors for progression or contraindications, you should consider initiation of Paxlovid x 5 days, if within 5 days of onset of Covid-19 symptoms or IV remdesivir x 3 days, if within 7 days of onset of Covid-19 symptoms.  

  • Remember that although Paxlovid may potentially interact with numerous drugs, fewer such drugs are absolutely contraindicated. Convenient online resources are available to help you decide if your patient can still receive Paxlovid safely.
  • Also don’t forget that remdesivir can now be given without dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency, including those on dialysis. 

If for some reason neither Paxlovid nor remdesivir is an option, oral molnupiravir can be considered with some caveats, including recommendations against its use during pregnancy and use of effective contraception during and following treatment in people who engage in sexual activity that may result in conception. 

Irrespective of treatment, it is prudent to monitor for any deterioration of sp02 at home when managing patients with mild/moderate Covid-19.  

Bonus pearl: Did you know that despite its high efficacy (89% reduction in hospitalization and death) against Covid-19,1,5 Paxlovid is severely underutilized in the outpatient setting with fewer than 25% of eligible patients with Covid-19 receiving it?6

Figure: Covid-19 management in ambulatory adult patients

 

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References

  1. Rubin R. Paxlovid Is Effective but Underused—Here’s What the Latest Research Says About Rebound and More | Infectious Diseases | JAMA | JAMA Network Published online January 31, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.28254
  2. Interim Clinical Considerations for COVID-19 Treatment in Outpatients | CDC. Accessed Feb 1, 2024
  3. Molnupiravir | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (nih.gov). Accessed Feb 1, 2024.
  4. Clinical Spectrum | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (nih.gov). Accessed Feb 1, 2024
  5. Appaneal HJ, LaPlante KL, Lopes VV, et al. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir utilization for the treatment of non-hospitalized adults with Covid-10 in the National Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System. Infectious Diseases and Therapy 204;13:155-172. Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Utilization for the Treatment of Non-hospitalized Adults with COVID-19 in the National Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System | Infectious Diseases and Therapy (springer.com)
  6. Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, et al. Oral Nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:397-408. Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with Covid-19 – PubMed (nih.gov)

 

Disclosures/Disclaimers: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

 

 

When should I consider treating my adult ambulatory patient with newly diagnosed Covid-19 with an antiviral drug?

Is there an association between Covid-19 and subsequent development of hypertension?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , , , , Leave a comment

Although far from definite, emerging evidence suggests that adults with recently diagnosed Covid-19 are at increased risk of newly-diagnosed hypertension following the acute infection.1-4

A retrospective cohort study involving a large national healthcare data base of the Department of Veterans Affairs found that, at a median follow-up of 126 days, Covid-19 survivors had an excess burden of newly-diagnosed hypertension (15/1000 patients) and were at higher risk of initiation of antihypertensive drugs compared to controls.2

Another retrospective cohort study involving over 80,000 adults 65 years or older (median follow-up 56 days) found an increased risk of newly-diagnosed hypertension (O.R. 4.4; 95% C.I. 2.27-6.37) in the Covid-19 group. 3  Even in a younger population (18-65 years of age), the same investigators found a significant increase (81%; 95% C.I. 10-196%) in the risk of newly diagnosed hypertension in the Covid-19 group compared to that of the control cohort. 4  

Despite the inherent limitations in these retrospective studies, a cause-and-effect relationship between Covid-19 and subsequent diagnosis of hypertension is plausible given the known affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2 receptors and endothelial cells. 5   Of interest, hyperreninemia associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate has been reported in some patients with Covid-19 requiring prolonged intensive care. 6

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that Covid-19 survivors have also been reported to have an increased risk of stroke, transient ischemic attack, ischemic heart disease, pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure, dysrhythmia, and thromboembolic disease, independently of pre-existing hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors? 7

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References

  1. Shibata S, Kobayashi K, Tanaka M, et al. Covid-19 pandemic and hypertension: an updated report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension project team on Covid-19. Hypertens Res 2022 Dec 23:1-12. COVID-19 pandemic and hypertension: an updated report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension project team on COVID-19 – PMC (nih.gov)
  2. Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of Covid-19. Nature 2021;594:259-64. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 – PubMed (nih.gov)
  3. Daugherty SE, Guo Y, Health K, et al. Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2021;373:n1098. Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study | The BMJ
  4. Guney C, Akar F. Epithelial and endothelial expressions of ACE2:SARS-CoV-2 Entry Routes.  J Pharm Pharm Sci 2021;24:84-98 Epithelial and Endothelial Expressions of ACE2: SARS-CoV-2 Entry Routes – PubMed (nih.gov)
  5. Cohen K, Ren S, Health K, et al. Risk of persistent and new clinical sequelae among adults aged 65 years and older during the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study. BBMJ 2022;376:e068414. Risk of persistent and new clinical sequelae among adults aged 65 years and older during the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study – PubMed (nih.gov) 
  6. Hulstom M, von Seth M, Frithiof R. Hyperreninemia and low total body water may contribute to acute kidney injury in coronavirus disease 2019 patients in intensive care. J Hypertens 2020 May 28. Hyperreninemia and low total body water may contribute to acute kidney injury in corona virus disease 2019 patients in intensive care – PMC (nih.gov)
  7. Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of Covid-19. Nat med 2022;28:583-90. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19 – PMC (nih.gov)

 

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

Is there an association between Covid-19 and subsequent development of hypertension?

Is loss of sense of smell or taste much less common in Omicron-related Covid-19 compared to earlier strains of SARS-CoV-2?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , , , , Leave a comment

Absolutely! Although loss of smell was a cardinal symptom of Covid-19 with earlier strains of SARS-CoV-2 (eg, Wuhan, alpha, delta), on average omicron causes olfactory dysfunction in only 13% of patients, 3-4 times lower than the earlier strains.1

But why is omicron less likely to causes loss of smell or taste? There may be at least 2 explanations. First explanation revolves around the solubility of omicron in the olfactory mucus. Recall that to access the olfactory epithelium, viruses and other pathogens have to first dissolve in and penetrate the mucus layer that not only allows odorants to reach the olfactory receptors but also protects the olfactory epithelium from toxins and pathogens. Hydrophilic and acid proteins can penetrate the mucus barrier more easily because they are more soluble in the mucus layer.1

What does this have to do with omicron? Well, it turns out that omicron with all its mutations in the spike protein is actually more alkaline than the Wuhan and delta strains. This means that omicron may have lower solubility in mucus and have a harder time reaching and infecting the olfactory epithelium. 1 Since the composition of olfactory mucous differs significantly from other mucus layers in the respiratory tract, omicron may still cause disease.2

Another potential mechanism may be related to the inefficiency of omicron in other steps necessary to infect nonneuronal cells of the olfactory epithelium within the nasal cavity, such as the endosomal route. 1 It turns out that cells of the olfactory epithelium express less of the endosomal membrane fusion proteases (cathepsins) which omicron prefers for cell entry! Fascinating! 

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that only 5-10% of functional olfactory neurons are required for a relatively normal sense of smell? This means that SARS-CoV-2 needs to eliminate at least 90% of all support cells of the olfactory neurons within a 3-4 day period (before their regeneration) for the host to notice anosmia?

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References

  1. Butowt R, Bilinska K, von Bartheld C. Why does the omicron variant largely spare olfactory function? Implications for the pathogenesis of anosmia in coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2022;226:1304-1308. Why Does the Omicron Variant Largely Spare Olfactory Function? Implications for the Pathogenesis of Anosmia in Coronavirus Disease 2019 – PubMed (nih.gov)
  2. Yoshikawa K, Wang H, Jaen C, et al. The human olfactory cleft mucus proteome and its age-related changes. Sci Rep 2018;8:17170. The human olfactory cleft mucus proteome and its age-related changes – PMC (nih.gov)
  3. Harding JW, Getchell TV, Margolis FL. Degeneration of the primary olfactory pathway in mice. V. Long-term effect of intranasal ZNS04 irrigation on behavior, biochemistry and morphology. Brain Res 1978;140:271-85. Denervation of the primary olfactory pathway in mice. V. Long-term effect of intranasal ZnSO4 irrigation on behavior, biochemistry and morphology – PubMed (nih.gov)

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

Is loss of sense of smell or taste much less common in Omicron-related Covid-19 compared to earlier strains of SARS-CoV-2?

Why do some patients with Covid-19 develop a rebound after completing a course of Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) and how common is it?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , Leave a comment

Covid-19 rebound, characterized by the recurrence of Covid-19 symptom or a new positive viral test after having tested negative, is a poorly understood phenomenon that can occur after completion of therapy with Paxlovid, Molnupiravir (another antiviral Covid-19 drug) and even in patients with acute Covid-19 who never received any specific antiviral therapy. 1-6

Based on very limited number of studies, it appears that rebound is not caused by emergence of drug resistance or absence of neutralizing immunity, rather resumption of SARS-CoV-2 replication following completion of therapy, triggering a secondary immune-mediated response that’s associated with clinical symptoms.2,3

Recent studies suggest that rebound following Paxlovid treatment may not be as common as one may think.  In a cohort of 483 high-risk patients treated with Paxlovid for Covid-19, 0.8% experienced rebound of symptoms within 30 days of diagnosis, which were generally mild at a median of 9 days after treatment, all resolving without additional antiviral therapy.3  In this study, the median age was 63 years and 93% were fully vaccinated; there were no hospitalization related to rebound or deaths. In another study (pre-print) involving over 11,000 patients treated with Paxlovid, rebound symptoms occurred in 2.3% and 5.9% of patients  7 and 30 days following therapy, respectively, with similar rates reported in patients treated with Molnupiravir.4

Interestingly, a preprint article involving 568 untreated patients with mild-moderate Covid-19 found that 27% had symptom rebound after initial improvement with 12% having viral rebound based on nasal swabs with ≥0.5 log viral RNA copies/ml. 5 So antiviral therapy for Covid-19 is not a prerequisite for rebound symptoms.

Although some have suggested that insufficient drug exposure either due to individual pharmacokinetics or insufficient duration may be the cause of rebound in treated patients,2   there is currently no evidence that additional treatment for Covid-19 is needed in these patients.6

Despite reports of rebound, Paxlovid should still be considered in selected patients with mild-moderate Covid-19 at high risk of complications to minimize the risk of hospitalization and death from Covid-19. 

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that, according to CDC, Covid-19 rebound often occurs between 2-8 days following initial recovery? 1

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References

  1. Covid-19 rebound after paxlovid treatment. May 24, 2022. COVID-19 Rebound After Paxlovid Treatment (cdc.gov)
  2. Carlin AF, Clark AE, Chaillon A, et al. Virologic and immunologic characterization of Coronavirus Disease 2019 recrudescence after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment. Clin Infec Dis 2022 (June 20). Virologic and Immunologic Characterization of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Recrudescence After Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
  3. Ranaganath N, O’Horo JC, Challner DW, et al. Rebound phenomenon after nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment of Coronavirus Disease-2019 in high-risk persons. Clin Infect Dis 2022 (June 14). https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac481 Rebound Phenomenon after Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Treatment of Coronavirus Disease-2019 in High-Risk Persons | Clinical Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
  4. Wang L, Berger NA, David PB, et al. Covid-19 rebound after Paxlovid and Molnupiravir during January-June 2022. MedRxiv 2022. COVID-19 rebound after Paxlovid and Molnupiravir during January-June 2022 | medRxiv
  5. Deo R, Choudhary MC, Moser C, et al. Viral and symptom rebound in untreated Covid-19 infection. Medrxiv 2022. Viral and Symptom Rebound in Untreated COVID-19 Infection (medrxiv.org)
  6. Covid-19 rebound after Paxlovid treatment. May 24, 2022. HAN Archive – 00467 | Health Alert Network (HAN) (cdc.gov)

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

 

 

Why do some patients with Covid-19 develop a rebound after completing a course of Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) and how common is it?

What’s the latest on second Covid vaccine boosters and should I recommend them to my adult patients?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , Leave a comment

On March 29, 2022, the CDC and the FDA approved second booster shots of Pfizer and Moderna Covid vaccines for everyone 50 years of age or older as well as people 12 years of age or older with moderate to severe immune deficiencies to be given at least 4 months following the first booster.1-3  This means a 4th dose of an mRNA vaccine for many adults and a 5th dose for those with moderate to severe immune deficiencies. 

Admittedly, these recommendations are made in the context of many uncertainties, including when the next Covid surge will arrive, what will be the predominant variant, and how will our immunity hold up if a surge occurs. 

Nevertheless, in discussing the merits of a 2nd booster, I would emphasize several “talking points”:

  • Covid hasn’t gone away with new cases still diagnosed daily, some still  requiring hospitalization, albeit at lower frequency than recent past. 
  • Our immunity against Covid wanes in the absence of boosters or natural infection.
  • SARS-CoV-2 has been unpredictable in its surges, as well as emergence of new variants with frequent changes in its virulence and ease of transmission. This means we don’t know when the next surge will hit us (summer, fall or later) and how the predominant variant will behave.
  • But let’s not get too hung up on surges! The fact is that as long as Covid is circulating around, maintaining a robust immunity against infection is the best way to avoid getting infected and the best way to do this is through boosters!
  • As more people go around without masks, the risk of unprotected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is also likely to increase, particularly in indoor public gatherings.  Boosters may allow us the freedom to go maskless more often!
  • The risk of Long Covid even following mild infection is still real even between surges. This means even if we don’t get very sick from Covid, we are placing ourselves at risk of Long Covid. Remember, no Covid, no Long Covid!
  • Irrespective of whether it’s mild or even asymptomatic, Covid infection  can cause significant disruption in our lives, whether it be isolation at home, not being allowed to return to work or just the anxiety of having it or having passed it to others. This means that, at least currently, it’s premature to consider this virus as “just another respiratory virus.”  It’s impact on our everyday lives is still a lot different than typical respiratory viruses. 
  • mRNA vaccine boosters have been proven to be as safe as primary series. 
  • Last, but not the least, a preprint Israeli study involving volunteers 60 to 100 years old found a 78% reduction in mortality from Covid following a 2nd booster dose of Pfizer mRNA vaccine compared to those who only had 1 booster.4  This study has several limitations including self-selected volunteers who may already be at lower risk of Covid mortality due to their healthier lifestyle. Nevertheless, the data is very encouraging!

Ultimately, the decision to get a second booster, particularly during non-surge periods, will depend a lot on not only available facts but the individual’s threshold for acceptable risk of even mild disease, concern over transmission to others and more recently the cost of the vaccine, among other factors.  

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that each year there are plenty of uncertainties around which influenza A or B subtypes will be the predominant seasonal strain or what month they may surge but these questions never keep us from recommending the annual flu vaccine to the public as a means of reducing influenza cases and saving lives?   

 

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References

  1. D.A. Allows Second Covid Boosters for Everyone 50 and Older – The New York Times (nytimes.com)
  2. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Second Booster Dose of Two COVID-19 Vaccines for Older and Immunocompromised Individuals | FDA
  3. CDC Recommends Additional Boosters for Certain Individuals | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC
  4. Arbel R, Sergienko R, Friger M, et al. Second booster vaccine and Covid-19 mortality in adults 60-100 years old. Preprint, posted March 24, 2022. 24514bba-2c9d-4add-9d8f-321f610ed199.pdf (researchsquare.com)

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

 

What’s the latest on second Covid vaccine boosters and should I recommend them to my adult patients?

Should healthy adults receive a Covid vaccine booster shot and why?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , Leave a comment

A booster shot of Covid vaccine (eg, mRNA, Pfizer or Moderna) is now recommended by the CDC even for healthy adults as follows:1

  • If you received Pfizer vaccine as your primary series, are ≥12 years old and at least 5 months after your 2nd dose
  • If you received Moderna vaccine as your primary series, are ≥18 years old and at least 5 months after your 2nd dose
  • If you received J&J vaccine, are ≥18 years old and at least 2 months after your 1st dose

There are at least 3 reasons for receiving a Covid vaccine booster: 1

  • Waning immunity after primary vaccine series
  • Emergence of Omicron variant which seems to be less responsive to the existing immunity from the vaccine
  • Recent data from clinical trials showing that a booster shot increased the immune response in trial participants who completed an either Pfizer or Moderna mRNA vaccine primary series 6 months earlier or had J&J vaccine single dose 2 months earlier

Here is the data from CDC on the vaccine effectiveness against Covid based on epidemiologic data on emergency department (ED)/urgent care (UC) encounters or hospitalization during the recent Omicron-predominant period:2

 Vaccine effectiveness against ED/Urgent care encounters 

  • 2 doses of mRNA vaccine: 41% (69% <2 months vs 37% ≥5 months after last dose)
  • 3 doses of mRNA vaccine: 83% (87% < 2 months vs 66% 4 months vs 31% ≥5 months)

Vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization 

  • 2 doses of mRNA vaccine: 55% (71% < 2months vs 54% ≥5 months)
  • 3 doses of mRNA overall 88% (91% if < 2 months, 78% if ≥4 months)

So take full advantage of available Covid vaccines and maximize your chance of not getting Covid!

 

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that a recent CDC study found that people 18 years and older who received the same mRNA vaccine brand for all their vaccinations experienced fewer adverse reactions following the booster dose than they did after their second dose of mRNA vaccine, with 92% of reported reactions not considered serious?3

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References

  1. Covid-19 vaccine booster shots. Feb 2, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/booster-shot.html#:~:text=It%20depends.,after%20the%20J%26J%2FJanssen%20vaccine. Accessed Feb 24, 2022
  2. Waning 2-dose and 3-dose effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against Covid-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults during periods of delta and omicron variant predominance-VISION network, 110 states, August 2021-Jan 2022. Feb 18, 2022 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7107e2.htm#T1_down. Accessed Feb 24, 2022.
  3. New CDC studies: Covid-19 boosters remains safe, continue to offer high levels of protection against severe disease over time and during Omicron and delta waves. Feb 11, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/s0211-covid-19-boosters.html. Accessed Feb 24, 2022

 

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

Should healthy adults receive a Covid vaccine booster shot and why?

Should patients with prior Covid receive Covid vaccine?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , Leave a comment

Yes, as recommended by the CDC.  The weight of the evidence to date suggests that previously infected individuals should receive Covid vaccine to minimize their risk of acquiring Covid again for many reasons, including the following:

First, depending on the population and the variant of SARS-CoV-2 (the agent of Covid) studied, a significant proportion of infected individuals— from 5% to >35% based on some studies— fail to produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.1 In 1 study, lack of antibody production was associated with younger age, lower viral load and a trend toward milder symptoms.1

Second, the body of the evidence for infection-induced immunity is much more limited with less consistent findings than that for vaccine-induced immunity.2

Third, vaccination against Covid has been shown to enhance the immune response and reduce the risk of infection even in those with prior Covid.2 In fact, 1 study reported that the risk of reinfection is more than twice among those who were previously infected but not vaccinated compared to those who got vaccinated after having Covid.3  In another study, the risk of infection in adults was more than 5 times higher in unvaccinated but previously infected individuals compared to the vaccinated person who had not had an infection previously.4

Some authors5 who oppose routine vaccination of individuals previously infected with Covid have invoked a recent CDC study6 which showed that when Delta was the predominant strain, persons with prior Covid had lower rates of infection than persons who were vaccinated alone.  However, this study was performed when booster doses of Covid vaccine were not yet available to most people and before Omicron became the predominant variant. 

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that following Covid infection, neutralizing antibodies  have a biphasic decline with an initial half-life of 2-3 months followed by a slower decline thereafter?2

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References

  1. Liu W, Russell RM, Bibollet-Ruche F, et al. Predictors of nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27:2454-58. Predictors of Nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 Infection – Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC
  2. Science brief: SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced and vaccine-induced immunity. October 29, 2021. Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Infection-induced and Vaccine-induced Immunity | CDC
  3. Cavanaugh AM, Spicer KB, et al. Reduced risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-9 vaccination-Kentucky, may-June 2021. MMWR 2021;70:1081-83. Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 Vaccination – Kentucky, May-June 2021 – PubMed (nih.gov)
  4. Laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 among adults hospitalized with Covid-19-like illness with infection-induced or mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity—Nine states, January-September 2021. MMWR 2021;70:1539-44. Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19–Like Illness with Infection-Induced or mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity — Nine States, January–September 2021 | MMWR (cdc.gov)
  5. Makary M. The high cost of disparaging natural immunity to Covid. Wall Street Journal. January 26, 2022. The High Cost of Disparaging Natural Immunity to Covid – WSJ
  6. Leon Tm, Drabawila V, Nelson L, et al. Covid-19 cases and hospitalizations by Covid-19 vaccination status and previous Covid-19 diagnosis-California and New York, May -November 2021.  MMWR 2022;71:125-31 COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19 Diagnosis — California and New York, May–November 2021 (cdc.gov)

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

Should patients with prior Covid receive Covid vaccine?

Who should get tested after a holiday indoor gathering with family members?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , , , , , Leave a comment

Whether you should get tested after holiday gatherings depends a lot on factors such as the level of transmission of Covid-19 within your region, the vaccination status of all the attendees, the likelihood of Covid-19 in any of the attendees, and your threshold for risk of either contracting or transmitting of Covid-19 to others, particularly immunocompromised persons. 

The following discussion assumes a scenario that is common to most indoor holiday gatherings: 1. You are getting together with people outside of your household; 2.  You or your family members don’t wear a face mask at all or certainly not all the time during the gathering; and 3. You find it impossible or don’t wish to socially distance from others during the get-together.1,2

First, let’s start with 2 situations where you should get tested following a holiday get-together, irrespective of your (or the attendees’) vaccination status: 1. if you have symptoms of Covid-19; and 2. If you were in close contact of an infected person (ie, commonly defined as within 6 feet of that person for a minimum of 15 minute during a 24-hour period).3

In the absence of known exposure or symptoms, you should consider getting tested if you are not fully immunized since you will be at higher risk of contracting and transmitting Covid-19 to others as long as there is still significant Covid-19 transmission in the region.  In contrast, if you and other attendees are fully immunized already, routine testing for Covid-19 after the gathering is hard to justify given the effectiveness of FDA-authorized Covid-19 vaccines and the costs and impracticalities associated with routine testing of millions of fully vaccinated persons.  

It goes without saying that holiday gatherings with family members outside of one’s immediate houseshold is not a zero-risk proposition for contracting or transmitting Covid-19 because people can have no symptoms and be infectious and vaccinated individuals can on occasion become infected.   Even the tests are not perfect. However, if you are concerned that you might have been exposed to Covid-19  and knowledge of a negative Covid-19 test (with its inherent limitations) gives you peace of mind, you should consider getting tested. The over-the-counter rapid Covid-19 tests may be particularly useful in assessing the likelihood of being contagious.4

For further recommendations on when you should consider getting tested for Covid-19 in general, I highly recommend an NIH-sponsored online calculator called “When to Test”.  This calculator is based on mathematical modelling that takes into account an individual’s vaccination status, transmission rates in the geographic area, and mitigation behaviors (eg, masks and social distancing).1

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that persons with Covid-19 are considered infectious 2 days before they develop symptoms or 2 days before the date of their positive test if they don’t have symptoms?5

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References:

  1. When to test offers free online tool to help individuals make informed Covid-19 testing decisions. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/when-test-offers-free-online-tool-help-individuals-make-informed-covid-19-testing-decisions. Accessed November 26, 2021.
  2. Covid-19 testing overview. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html. Accessed November 26, 2021.
  3. Covid-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/contact-tracing/contact-tracing-plan/appendix.html#contact. Accessed November 26, 2021.
  4. Schuit E, Venekamp RP, Pas SD, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in asymptomatic and presymptomatic close contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: cross sectional study. BMJ 2021;374:n1676.  https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1676
  5. Quarantine and isolation. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html#:~:text=Get%20tested%205%2D7%20days%20after%20their%20first%20exposure.,the%20person%20with%20COVID%2D19. Accessed November 26, 2021.

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

 

Who should get tested after a holiday indoor gathering with family members?

What’s the evidence that a third dose of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine reduces risk of Covid-19 disease?

FA Manian MD, MPH, , , , , , , , Leave a comment

The strongest evidence to date demonstrating the effectiveness of a third dose of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine comes from an observational study from Israel which reported 93% effectiveness for admission to hospital, 92% for severe disease and 81% for Covid-19 related deaths when compared to those who had received 2 doses of the vaccine (Pfizer, BNT162b2 mRNA) at least 5 months before.1

This was a large population-based study involving over a million people 16 years or older (one-half in each group) who were eligible for the third dose (median age 52 y); those living in long-term facilities, healthcare workers and those medically confined to their homes were excluded. Vaccine effectiveness was evaluated at least 7 days after receipt of the third dose.  Median follow-up period was 13 days for both groups.

Overall effectiveness of the third dose vs 2 vaccine doses was 93% (88-97) for admission to hospital, 92% (82-97) for severe disease and 81% for death (59-97). Effectiveness of the third dose was similar between males and females and between individuals 40-60 years and those at least 70 years of age; effectiveness could not be determined in the younger age group due to small number of adverse outcomes.

What makes this study stand out among the previous works2,3 is that it controlled for important possible confounders, including sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, and behavioral factors related to Covid-19.  Limitations include its observational nature and exclusion of certain at risk groups, such as nursing home residents and healthcare workers.

Given the increasing number of Covid-19 cases in many communities at this writing, the news that a booster shot of an mRNA vaccine provides further protection in preventing Covid-19 is very welcome!

Bonus Pearl: Did you know that in a study measuring the immune response after the third dose of an mRNA vaccine (Moderna) in those 60 years of age or older, the median antibody titer rose 50-fold!4

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References

  1. Barda N, Dagan N, Cohen C, et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study. Lancet, published online October 29, 2021. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2821%2902249-2
  2. Bar-On YM, Goldberg Y, Mandel M, et al. Protection of BNT162b2 vaccine.N Engl J Med 2021; published online Sept 15, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa21114255.
  3. Patalon T, Gazit S, Pitzer VE, et al. Short term reduction in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2; a comparison between two doses and three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. medRxive 2021;published online Aug 31. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.008.29.21262792 (preprint).
  4.  Eliakim-Raz N, Liebovici-Weisman Y, Stemmer A, et al. Antibody titers before and aftera third dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in adults ages ≥60 years. JAMA. Published online November 5, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.19885 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2786096

Disclosures: The listed questions and answers are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of Mercy Hospital-St. Louis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University, their affiliate academic healthcare centers, or its contributors. Although every effort has been made to provide accurate information, the author is far from being perfect. The reader is urged to verify the content of the material with other sources as deemed appropriate and exercise clinical judgment in the interpretation and application of the information provided herein. No responsibility for an adverse outcome or guarantees for a favorable clinical result is assumed by the author. Thank you!

What’s the evidence that a third dose of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine reduces risk of Covid-19 disease?